DirectDraw Blt is always error

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DirectX

Those days , I am reading the book 《Tricks of the Windows Game Programming》 . But I always get in trouble .
Today , I code the sample which I should use the Blt function . But I do not know , why the Blt function always goes wrong .

The following is my code which is wrong at the runtime ,

// DEMO7_9.CPP 此Demo演示32位色彩模式下实现动画效果

// INCLUDES ///////////////////////////////////////////////

#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN  // just say no to MFC

#define INITGUID // make sure directX guids are included

#include <windows.h>   // include important windows stuff
#include <windowsx.h> 
#include <mmsystem.h>
#include <iostream> // include important C/C++ stuff
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <memory.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h> 
#include <math.h>
#include <io.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

#include <ddraw.h> // include directdraw
#pragma comment(lib,"ddraw.lib")
// DEFINES ////////////////////////////////////////////////

// defines for windows 
#define WINDOW_CLASS_NAME L"WINCLASS1"

// default screen size
#define SCREEN_WIDTH    1366  // size of screen
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT   768
#define SCREEN_BPP      32   // bits per pixel

// TYPES //////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// basic unsigned types
typedef unsigned short USHORT;
typedef unsigned short WORD;
typedef unsigned char  UCHAR;
typedef unsigned char  BYTE;

// MACROS /////////////////////////////////////////////////

#define KEYDOWN(vk_code) ((GetAsyncKeyState(vk_code) & 0x8000) ? 1 : 0)
#define KEYUP(vk_code)   ((GetAsyncKeyState(vk_code) & 0x8000) ? 0 : 1)

// initializes a direct draw struct
#define DD_INIT_STRUCT(ddstruct) { memset(&ddstruct,0,sizeof(ddstruct)); ddstruct.dwSize=sizeof(ddstruct); }

//initializes a RGB value
#define _RGB16BIT565(r,g,b) ((b & 31) + ((g & 63) << 5) + ((r & 31) << 11))
#define _RGB32BIT(a,r,g,b) ((b) + ((g) << 8) + ((r) << 16) + ((a) << 24))

// GLOBALS ////////////////////////////////////////////////
HWND      main_window_handle = NULL; // globally track main window
HINSTANCE hinstance_app      = NULL; // globally track hinstance

// directdraw stuff

LPDIRECTDRAW7         lpdd         = NULL;   // dd object
LPDIRECTDRAWSURFACE7  lpddsprimary = NULL;   // dd primary surface
LPDIRECTDRAWSURFACE7  lpddsback    = NULL;   // dd back surface
LPDIRECTDRAWPALETTE   lpddpal      = NULL;   // a pointer to the created dd palette
LPDIRECTDRAWCLIPPER   lpddclipper  = NULL;   // dd clipper
PALETTEENTRY          palette[256];          // color palette
PALETTEENTRY          save_palette[256];     // used to save palettes
DDSURFACEDESC2        ddsd;                  // a direct draw surface description struct
DDBLTFX               ddbltfx;               // used to fill
DDSCAPS2              ddscaps;               // a direct draw surface capabilities struct
HRESULT               ddrval;                // result back from dd calls
DWORD                 start_clock_count = 0; // used for timing
LPDIRECTDRAWSURFACE7 lpddsOffScreen[8] ;     //离屏表面数组
int				  windows_closed = 0 ;
int					  index = 0 ;            //要加载的离屏表面的下标
RECT				  window_rect ;			  //保存窗口位置


// these defined the general clipping rectangle
int min_clip_x = 0,                          // clipping rectangle 
    max_clip_x = SCREEN_WIDTH-1,
    min_clip_y = 0,
    max_clip_y = SCREEN_HEIGHT-1;

// these are overwritten globally by DD_Init()
int screen_width  = SCREEN_WIDTH,            // width of screen
    screen_height = SCREEN_HEIGHT,           // height of screen
    screen_bpp    = SCREEN_BPP;              // bits per pixel


char buffer[80];                     // general printing buffer


//定义位图数据结构
typedef struct BITMAP_FILE_TAG
{
	BITMAPFILEHEADER bitmapfileheader ;
	BITMAPINFOHEADER bitmapinfoheader ;
	PALETTEENTRY palette[256] ;
	UCHAR * buffer ;
} BITMAP_FILE ,*BITMAP_FILE_PTR ;

//定义全局位图文件结构数组
BITMAP_FILE bitmap[8] ;

//申明位图加载函数
int Load_Bitmap_File(BITMAP_FILE_PTR pBitmap,WCHAR * pFileName);

//位图数据反转函数
int Flip_Bitmap_Data(UCHAR* pBitmap,int width , int height );

//位图卸载函数
int UnLoad_Bitmap_File(BITMAP_FILE_PTR pBitmap);

//Blt_Clipper方法，进行内存快移动并且进行裁剪
void Blt_Clipper(int x , int y,
				int width , int height , 
				UINT* bitmap_data,
				UINT* video_data,
				int mempitch);

//将24位位图数据转化为32位位图数据
void Transform24To32(UCHAR* pcBitmap ,int dwSizeImage ,UINT * pnBitmap );

//创建离屏表面
LPDIRECTDRAWSURFACE7 DDraw_Create_Surface(int width , int height , int mem_flags) ;

// FUNCTIONS //////////////////////////////////////////////
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hwnd, 
						    UINT msg, 
                            WPARAM wparam, 
                            LPARAM lparam)
{
// this is the main message handler of the system
PAINTSTRUCT		ps;		// used in WM_PAINT
HDC				hdc;	// handle to a device context
char buffer[80];        // used to print strings

// what is the message 
switch(msg)
	{	
	case WM_CREATE: 
        {
		// do initialization stuff here
        // return success
		return(0);
		} break;
   
	case WM_PAINT: 
		{
		// simply validate the window 
   	    hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd,&ps);	 
        
        // end painting
        EndPaint(hwnd,&ps);

        // return success
		return(0);
   		} break;

	case WM_DESTROY: 
		{

		// kill the application, this sends a WM_QUIT message 
		PostQuitMessage(0);

        // return success
		return(0);
		} break;

	default:break;

    } // end switch

// process any messages that we didn't take care of 
return (DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam));

} // end WinProc

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

//程序主循环
int Game_Main(void *parms = NULL, int num_parms = 0)
{
// this is the main loop of the game, do all your processing
// here
	
// for now test if user is hitting ESC and send WM_CLOSE
if(windows_closed)
	return 0 ;

if (KEYDOWN(VK_ESCAPE))
{
	PostMessage(main_window_handle,WM_CLOSE,0,0);
	windows_closed = 1 ;
}

//构造目标区域和源区域
GetWindowRect(main_window_handle,&window_rect);
RECT dest_rect ;
RECT src_rect ;
memset(&dest_rect,0,sizeof(RECT));
memset(&src_rect,0,sizeof(RECT));
dest_rect.left = 100 + window_rect.left;
dest_rect.top = 100 + window_rect.top;
dest_rect.right = dest_rect.left + bitmap[index].bitmapinfoheader.biWidth - 1 ;
dest_rect.bottom = dest_rect.top + bitmap[index].bitmapinfoheader.biHeight - 1 ;

src_rect.left = 0 ;
src_rect.top = 0 ;
src_rect.right = bitmap[index].bitmapinfoheader.biWidth - 1 ;
src_rect.bottom = bitmap[index].bitmapinfoheader.biHeight - 1 ;

//从离屏表面向表面Blt
if(FAILED(lpddsprimary->Blt(&dest_rect,lpddsOffScreen[index],&src_rect, DDBLT_KEYSRC|DDBLT_WAIT,NULL)))
{
	OutputDebugString(L"lpddsprimary->Blt error\n");
	return 0 ;
}

//进行index循环
index = (index+1)%8 ;
Sleep(300);

// return success or failure or your own return code here
return(1);

} // end Game_Main

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int Game_Init(void *parms = NULL, int num_parms = 0)
{
// this is called once after the initial window is created and
// before the main event loop is entered, do all your initialization
// here

// create IDirectDraw interface 7.0 object and test for error
if (FAILED(DirectDrawCreateEx(NULL, (void **)&lpdd, IID_IDirectDraw7, NULL)))
   return(0);

// set cooperation to normal since this will be a windowed app
if(FAILED(lpdd->SetCooperativeLevel(main_window_handle,DDSCL_NORMAL)))
{
	MessageBox(NULL,L"SetCooperativeLevel error",L"error",MB_OK);
	return 0 ;
}

//创建主表面
memset(&ddsd,0,sizeof(ddsd));
ddsd.dwSize = sizeof(ddsd);
ddsd.dwFlags = DDSD_CAPS ;
ddsd.ddsCaps.dwCaps = DDSCAPS_PRIMARYSURFACE ;

if(FAILED(lpdd->CreateSurface(&ddsd,&lpddsprimary,NULL)))
{
	MessageBox(NULL,L"CreateSurface error",L"error",MB_OK);
	return 0 ;
}

//调整窗口尺寸
/*RECT window_rect = {0,0,SCREEN_WIDTH*0.5,0.5*SCREEN_HEIGHT} ;
AdjustWindowRectEx(&window_rect,
	GetWindowStyle(main_window_handle),
	GetMenu(main_window_handle)!=NULL,
	GetWindowExStyle(main_window_handle));
MoveWindow(main_window_handle,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,window_rect.right-window_rect.left,
	window_rect.bottom-window_rect.top,
	FALSE);
ShowWindow(main_window_handle,SW_NORMAL);*/

//创建8个离屏表面
for(int i = 0 ; i < 6 ; i ++)
{
	lpddsOffScreen[i]=DDraw_Create_Surface(23,23,DDSCAPS_VIDEOMEMORY);
}

//加载8张位图
for(int i = 1 ; i <= 6 ; i ++)
{
	WCHAR * wcFileName = new WCHAR[256] ;
	swprintf_s(wcFileName,256,L"grossini_dance_0%d.bmp",i);
	Load_Bitmap_File(&bitmap[i-1],wcFileName);
	delete wcFileName ;
}

//将位图Blt到离屏表面
for(int i = 0 ; i < 6 ; i ++)
{
	DD_INIT_STRUCT(ddsd);
	if(FAILED(lpddsOffScreen[i]->Lock(NULL,&ddsd,DDLOCK_WAIT|DDLOCK_SURFACEMEMORYPTR,NULL)))
	{
		OutputDebugString(L"Lock error");
		return  0 ;
	}

	int mempitch = ddsd.lPitch>>2 ;
	UINT *video_buffer = (UINT*)ddsd.lpSurface ;
	UINT * bitmap_buffer = new UINT[bitmap[i].bitmapinfoheader.biSizeImage/3];
	Transform24To32(bitmap[i].buffer,bitmap[i].bitmapinfoheader.biSizeImage,bitmap_buffer);

	Blt_Clipper(0,0,bitmap[i].bitmapinfoheader.biWidth,bitmap[i].bitmapinfoheader.biHeight,
		bitmap_buffer,video_buffer,mempitch);

	//解锁
	if(FAILED(lpddsOffScreen[i]->Unlock(NULL)))
	{
		OutputDebugString(L"Unock error");
		return  0 ;
	}
}// end for 

// return success or failure or your own return code here
return(1);

} // end Game_Init

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int Game_Shutdown(void *parms = NULL, int num_parms = 0)
{
// this is called after the game is exited and the main event
// loop while is exited, do all you cleanup and shutdown here

// simply blow away the IDirectDraw4 interface
//卸载图像
for(int i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i ++)
{
	UnLoad_Bitmap_File(&bitmap[i]);
}

//释放离屏表面
for(int i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i ++)
{
	if(lpddsOffScreen[i] != NULL)
		lpddsOffScreen[i]->Release();
	lpddsOffScreen[i] = NULL ;
}

if(lpddsprimary)
{
	lpddsprimary->Release();
	lpddsprimary = NULL ;
}

if (lpdd)
   {
   lpdd->Release();
   lpdd = NULL;
   } // end if

// return success or failure or your own return code here
return(1);

} // end Game_Shutdown

// WINMAIN ////////////////////////////////////////////////
int WINAPI WinMain(	HINSTANCE hinstance,
					HINSTANCE hprevinstance,
					LPSTR lpcmdline,
					int ncmdshow)
{

	WNDCLASSEX winclass; // this will hold the class we create
	HWND	   hwnd;	 // generic window handle
	MSG		   msg;		 // generic message
	HDC        hdc;      // graphics device context

	// first fill in the window class stucture
	winclass.cbSize         = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
	winclass.style			= CS_DBLCLKS | CS_OWNDC | 
							  CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
	winclass.lpfnWndProc	= WindowProc;
	winclass.cbClsExtra		= 0;
	winclass.cbWndExtra		= 0;
	winclass.hInstance		= hinstance;
	winclass.hIcon			= LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
	winclass.hCursor		= LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); 
	winclass.hbrBackground	= (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH);
	winclass.lpszMenuName	= NULL;
	winclass.lpszClassName	= WINDOW_CLASS_NAME;
	winclass.hIconSm        = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);

	// save hinstance in global
	hinstance_app = hinstance;

	// register the window class
	if (!RegisterClassEx(&winclass))
		return(0);

	// create the window
	if (!(hwnd = CreateWindowEx(NULL,                  // extended style
								WINDOW_CLASS_NAME,     // class
								L"DirectDraw Initialization Demo", // title
								WS_OVERLAPPED | WS_VISIBLE,
					 			0,0,	  // initial x,y
								SCREEN_WIDTH*0.8,0.8*SCREEN_HEIGHT,  // initial width, height
								NULL,	  // handle to parent 
								NULL,	  // handle to menu
								hinstance,// instance of this application
								NULL)))	// extra creation parms
		return(0);

	// save main window handle
	main_window_handle = hwnd;

	// initialize game here
	Game_Init();

	// enter main event loop
	while(TRUE)
		{
		// test if there is a message in queue, if so get it
		if (PeekMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0,PM_REMOVE))
		   { 
		   // test if this is a quit
		   if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)
			   break;

		   // translate any accelerator keys
		   TranslateMessage(&msg);

		   // send the message to the window proc
		   DispatchMessage(&msg);
		   } // end if
    
		   // main game processing goes here
		   Game_Main();
       
		} // end while

	// closedown game here
	Game_Shutdown();

	// return to Windows like this
	return(msg.wParam);

} // end WinMain

//位图加载函数
int Load_Bitmap_File(BITMAP_FILE_PTR  pBitmap , WCHAR * pFileName)
{
	//清空位图结构
	memset(pBitmap,0,sizeof(pBitmap));

	//打开文件
	HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(pFileName,GENERIC_READ,FILE_SHARE_READ,
		NULL,OPEN_EXISTING,FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY,NULL);
	if(hFile == NULL)
	{
		OutputDebugString(L"CreateFile error");
		return 1 ;
	}

	SetFilePointer(hFile,0,NULL,FILE_BEGIN);

	//读取位图文件头
	DWORD readByte = 0 ;
	if(!ReadFile(hFile,(LPVOID)&pBitmap->bitmapfileheader,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER),&readByte,NULL))
	{
		OutputDebugString(L"ReadFile for bitmapfileheader error");
		CloseHandle(hFile);
		return 1 ;
	}
	
	//判断文件是否为位图文件
	if(pBitmap->bitmapfileheader.bfType != 0x4D42)
	{
		OutputDebugString(L"file is not the bitmap");
		CloseHandle(hFile);
		return 1 ;
	}

	//读取位图信息头
	SetFilePointer(hFile,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER),NULL,FILE_BEGIN);
	if(!ReadFile(hFile,(LPVOID)&pBitmap->bitmapinfoheader,sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER),&readByte,NULL))
	{
		OutputDebugString(L"ReadFile for bitmapinfoheader error");
		CloseHandle(hFile);
		return 1 ;
	}

	//判断是否有调色板
	if(pBitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biBitCount == 8)
	{
		SetFilePointer(hFile,sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER)+sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER),NULL,FILE_BEGIN);
		if(!ReadFile(hFile,(LPVOID)&pBitmap->palette,sizeof(PALETTEENTRY)*256,&readByte,NULL))
		{
			OutputDebugString(L"ReadFile for palette is error");
			CloseHandle(hFile);
			return 1 ;
		}

		//反转调色板信息
		for(int i = 0 ; i < 256 ; i ++)
		{
			int tempColor = pBitmap->palette[i].peRed ;
			pBitmap->palette[i].peRed = pBitmap->palette[i].peBlue ;
			pBitmap->palette[i].peBlue = tempColor ;
			pBitmap->palette[i].peFlags = PC_NOCOLLAPSE ;
		}
	}

	//读取位图数据
	if(pBitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biBitCount == 8 ||
		pBitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biBitCount == 16 ||
		pBitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biBitCount == 24 ||
		pBitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biBitCount == 32)
	{
		int length = 0 - pBitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biSizeImage ;
		SetFilePointer(hFile,length,NULL,FILE_END);
		
		//分配空间
		pBitmap->buffer = new UCHAR[pBitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biSizeImage];
		if(pBitmap->buffer == NULL)
		{
			OutputDebugString(L"new memory error");
			CloseHandle(hFile);
			return 1 ;
		}

		if(!ReadFile(hFile,(LPVOID)pBitmap->buffer,pBitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biSizeImage,&readByte,NULL))
		{
			OutputDebugString(L"ReadFile for buffer is error");
			CloseHandle(hFile);
			return 1 ;
		}
	}//end if
	else
	{
		OutputDebugString(L"the file is broken");
		CloseHandle(hFile);
		return 1 ;
	}// end else
	

	//关闭文件
	CloseHandle(hFile);

	//进行判断是否需要反转位图数据
	if(pBitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biHeight > 0)
	{
		Flip_Bitmap_Data(pBitmap->buffer,pBitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biWidth*pBitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biBitCount/8,
			pBitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biHeight);
	}

	return 0 ;
}// end Load_Bitmap_File

//定义翻转函数
int Flip_Bitmap_Data(UCHAR * pBitmap,int bytes_per_line , int height)
{

	// this function is used to flip bottom-up .BMP images

	UCHAR *buffer; // used to perform the image processing
	int index;     // looping index

	// allocate the temporary buffer
	if (!(buffer = (UCHAR *)malloc(bytes_per_line*height)))
	 return(0);

	// copy image to work area
	memcpy(buffer,pBitmap,bytes_per_line*height);

	// flip vertically
	for (index=0; index < height; index++)
	 memcpy(&pBitmap[((height-1) - index)*bytes_per_line],
			  &buffer[index*bytes_per_line], bytes_per_line);

	// release the memory
	free(buffer);

	// return success
	return(1);

}// end Flip_Bitmap_Data


//定义卸载位图函数
int UnLoad_Bitmap_File(BITMAP_FILE_PTR pBitmap)
{
	if(pBitmap->buffer != NULL)
	{
		delete pBitmap->buffer ;
		pBitmap->buffer = NULL ;
	}

	return  0 ;
}// end UnLoad_Bitmap_File

//定义Blt_Clipper方法，进行内存快移动并且进行裁剪
void Blt_Clipper(int x , int y,
				int width , int height , 
				UINT* bitmap_data,
				UINT* video_data,
				int mempitch)
{
	//判断位图是否可见
	if(x+width<0 || x>SCREEN_WIDTH 
		||y>SCREEN_HEIGHT ||y+height<0)
		return ;

	//确定在目标表面中绘制的区域
	int x1 = x ;
	int y1 = y ;
	int x2 = x + width - 1;
	int y2 = y + height - 1;

	if(x1<0)
		x1 = 0;
	if(y1<0)
		y1 = 0 ;
	if(x2>SCREEN_WIDTH)
		x2 = SCREEN_WIDTH - 1 ;  //注意这里需要减掉1，分辨率800*600的范围是(0,0)-(799,599)
	if(y2>SCREEN_HEIGHT)
		y2 = SCREEN_HEIGHT - 1 ;

	//求出将要画的第一个点在位图数据中的偏移
	int xoff = x1- x ;
	int yoff = y1 -y ;

	//求出将要画的位图的实际宽度和高度
	int dx = x2 - x1 + 1;  //注意这里的加1，4*4的位图，长度是(3-0+1,3-0+1),至于为什么是3上面解释过了
	int dy = y2 - y1 + 1;

	//计算目标区域的起点
	video_data += y1*mempitch+x1 ;

	//计算需要绘制的位图的起点
	bitmap_data+=yoff*width+xoff ;

	UINT piexl = 0 ;
	for(int y = 0 ; y < dy ; y ++)
	{
		for(int x = 0 ; x < dx ; x ++)
		{
			if(_RGB32BIT(0,255,255,255)!=(piexl=bitmap_data[x]))
				video_data[x] = piexl ;
		}

		//一轮循环之后在进行指针的修改
		bitmap_data += width ;
		video_data += mempitch ;
	}
}//end Blt_Clipper

//将24位位图数据转化为32位位图数据
void Transform24To32(UCHAR* pcBitmap ,int dwSizeImage ,UINT * pnBitmap )
{
	for(int i = 0 ,j = 0  ; i < dwSizeImage ; i += 3,j++)
	{
		UCHAR blue = pcBitmap[i+0] ,
			green = pcBitmap[i+1],
			red = pcBitmap[i+2];
		pnBitmap[j] = _RGB32BIT(0,red,green,blue);
	}
}//end Transform24To32

//创建离屏表面
LPDIRECTDRAWSURFACE7 DDraw_Create_Surface(int width , int height , int mem_flags)
{
	DDSURFACEDESC2 ddsd ;
	LPDIRECTDRAWSURFACE7 lpdds ;
	
	//初始化结构
	DD_INIT_STRUCT(ddsd);

	//设置表面描述符结构
	ddsd.dwFlags = DDSD_CAPS | DDSD_WIDTH | DDSD_HEIGHT ;
	ddsd.ddsCaps.dwCaps = DDSCAPS_OFFSCREENPLAIN | mem_flags ;
	ddsd.dwWidth = width ;
	ddsd.dwHeight = height ;

	//创建表面
	if(FAILED(lpdd->CreateSurface(&ddsd,&lpdds,NULL)))
	{
		OutputDebugString(L"CreateSurface for offscreen is error");
		return NULL ;
	}

	//这只源色键，即透明色
	DDCOLORKEY color_key ;
	color_key.dwColorSpaceHighValue = _RGB32BIT(0,255,255,255);
	color_key.dwColorSpaceLowValue = _RGB32BIT(0,255,255,255);
	lpdds->SetColorKey(DDCKEY_SRCBLT,&color_key);

	return lpdds ;
}//end DDraw_Create_Surface
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

The code above is just make　an animation , but it does not work at all .

By the way , I am a Chinese , and I am useing the DirectX 9.0 to do this .
Is there anyone who can tell me the reason ? Thank you very much .
Or is there some function like GetLastError in WIN32 API that can tell me what 's wrong with the Blt ?
Please , help me . I really want to solve this problem .

When I debug this , and I get the result of the Blt function is E_INVALIDARG . But when I delete the DDBLT_KEYSRC , the function is successful . I do not understand it .