No, there is no generic "column specifier" you can use. You
could do it by concatenating all the column values together and checking that:
WHERE Column1 + '|' + Column2 + '|' + Column3 + '|' + Column4 + '|' + Column5 + '|' + Column6 + '|' + Column7 + '|' + Column8 + '|' + Column9 + '|' + Column10 LIKE ? "
Then you only need to provide the parameter once - but I'd strongly suggest you don't as it effectively opens your DB up to SQL Injection if any column contains data a user can enter as well as other problems.
I'd wonder why your DB is organised like that in the first place, instead of storing each column value in a separate row of a different table accessed via a foreign key.