How are you updating the database? Because the code you provided doesn't show how you are pushing the changes back to the database. When you create a dataset using the OleDbDataAdapter, it makes a static copy. It is in no way connected to the actual database. So, unless you're updating the Db somewhere else, I don't know how you're changes would even be there when you restart the application.
But, just updating the DataAdapter isn't the only thing you need to do. It's very important to set up the table mapping. Without it, the DataAdapter doesn't know how to update the database.
Here's some example code that I have used in the past:
Dim openedConnectionString As Boolean = False
If Not connectionString.State = ConnectionState.Open Then
connectionString.Open()
openedConnectionString = True
End If
Dim insertionDS As New DataSet
Dim newDataAdapter As OleDbDataAdapter
Dim sql As String = "SELECT * FROM [" & ActiveProject.Identifier & " Populations] ORDER BY ID;"
newDataAdapter = New OleDb.OleDbDataAdapter(sql, connectionString)
newDataAdapter.TableMappings.Add("Table", "Populations")
With newDataAdapter.TableMappings(0).ColumnMappings
.Add("ID", "ID")
.Add("Name", "Name")
.Add("Char ID", "Char ID")
.Add("Stratum", "Stratum")
.Add("PopLevel", "PopLevel")
End With
Dim cb As New OleDbCommandBuilder(newDataAdapter)
cb.QuotePrefix = " ["
cb.QuoteSuffix = "] "
newDataAdapter.Fill(insertionDS)
Dim lastIndex As Integer = 0
With insertionDS.Tables("Populations")
If .Rows.Count <> 0 Then
lastIndex = .Rows(.Rows.Count - 1).Item("ID")
End If
Dim newRow As DataRow = .Rows.Add
newRow.BeginEdit()
newRow.Item("ID") = lastIndex + 1
newRow.Item("Name") = Population
newRow.Item("Char ID") = ""
newRow.Item("Stratum") = Stratum
newRow.Item("PopLevel") = Level
newRow.EndEdit()
End With
newDataAdapter.UpdateCommand = cb.GetUpdateCommand
newDataAdapter.InsertCommand = cb.GetInsertCommand
newDataAdapter.DeleteCommand = cb.GetDeleteCommand
newDataAdapter.Update(insertionDS)
newDataAdapter.Dispose()
If openedConnectionString Then
connectionString.Close()
End If