There are loads of ways to cause this, but in your case, it's almost certainly becais ethe path is invalid: Bitmap.Save expects a "normal" windows path, not an IIS based path descriptor.
Try this:
image.Save(Server.MapPath("~/img/temp/temp.bmp"));
And make sure that the "img" and "temp" folders do exist.
In the longer term, web based code should never refer to "fixed" file names, as they are inherently running in multiuser environments. There is a very good chance that the next user will immediately overwrite your file!