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I think there's some potential for confusion here.
Regarding key signatures in scores: A score with one sharp is traditionally interpreted to be either G major or E minor. There is no other indication of whether or not the key signature implies G major or E minor unless it is included in the title such as "Polonaise in Ab Minor." (I say traditional because there are non-traditional scoring methods too.)
Regarding chords, there are a variety of ways to show chords in a score. For example, a C minor chord can be designated as Cm or C-. A G major 7 can be GMAJ or G^. And so on.
Now 7989122's comment about major/minor scales is interesting to me. I've never used a score that does it that way, but it makes sense on a certain level. I don't need that sort of notation in my arranging, but hey, maybe I've learned something new.
If you sign up with the Sonic Scores forum (no affiliation) you can ask questions and get a lot of helpful answers from professional musicians. They also know a lot about MIDI. There are other music notation apps that have active forums.
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Greg Utas wrote: Then there's Dorian, Phrygian, and others.
A true story related to that:
One of Norway's greatest modern folk singers, Lillebjørn Nilsen, tellsabout the first song he wrote: As a teenage schoolboy, he has an essay assignment, "Explain and anlyze one of your favorite poems". So he started out by writing the poem. Then he made up a tune for it, and performed it in a folk singer's club. In the audience was Geirr Tveitt, well known Norwegian composer. He went up to the young boy and remarked "Your have made a song very true to the traditions, and in a hypo-mixolydian scale!" To which Lillebjørn replied: "Huh? What's that?" At home, he looked up "hypo-mixolydian" in his music dictonary, to discover that Geirr Tveitt was right.
For the curious ones: You can hear the first verse and a half of this song in a Scottish translation (it can hardly be called "English"  ) at Adam McNaughtan: Dance Noo Laddie[^]. I like this version as much as the original!
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I think you may have a typo in the sharp key signatures. I think it should be G, D, A, E, B, F#, C#. That's the way the circle of fifths works. I'm definitely a novice at this stuff.
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my brain doesn't quite bend that way.
Real programmers use butterflies
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I guess English speaking musicians have reminders, like the Norwegian "Gå Du Anton Etter Henriks FISkestang", giving the sharp scales G, D, A, E, H, F# . (B is called H in Germanic languages, and sharp is an "iss" suffix.) It makes no sense translating it for use in English - "Go, You Anton, to Fech Henrik's Fishing Rod" - the initials don't match the scales at all. But I am quite sure that there are similar rules in English. There is of course another similar rule for the flats scales.
Standard six string guitar tuning is, in Norway, by the rule "En Annen Dag Gikk Han Ensom" (another day, he was walking alone). Just as untranslatable as he sharp scales rule, but I am sure there are English rules for that.
(Funny parallel: Anyone who has picked up an ukulele, knows that it is tuned to "My Dog Has Fleas". I learned that sequence of notes as a kid, never knowing why it was called that. Less than a year ago, I first heard the tune about the dog. Appearently, every single kid in the USA knows that nursery rhyme from infancy. In Norway, we don't.)
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For some reason the idea of norwegian ukulele players makes me grin like an idiot. 
As far as your mnemonics, we have similar things in English, but it's not so much memorizing them as trying to understand them that vexes me. The "why" of it eludes me other than "it sounds appealing" and I suspect that answer lies in higher math, which is typically well beyond me. But since it doesn't make sense to me otherwise, it's hard for me to understand it.
I need to deconstruct things in order to grok them, whereas it seems most of my musician friends don't, or at least don't care about the mechanics behind the things like scales. They just *use* them - and well! I don't get how.
I can play a little too, but also, I don't understand *how* I do it. I just do it, but not well. 
It bugs me trying to approach it, because so much of it is just opaque to me.
Real programmers use butterflies
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I suggest to read it carefully and try to understand. It is formal, at least for me. From all what I read from you it should not be a big problem for you. Once you got it, it will help you a lot.
Finally, it is much easier than all the parser stuff you presented here 
It does not solve my Problem, but it answers my question
modified 19-Jan-21 21:04pm.
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I know the important theory of formal music: "It ain't over 'til the fat lady sings".
"I have no idea what I did, but I'm taking full credit for it." - ThisOldTony
AntiTwitter: @DalekDave is now a follower!
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This is what I came up with after a lot of googling on the 'fifths' that was mentioned earlier. I use it in my MIDI sequencer. I'm relatively sure I got it right, but not absolutely, so if anyone sees anything I've screwed up, feel free to give me hell! (And I see I should have used non-caps for some, from another comment!) - edit: fixed
const KeySignatures::KeySig KeySignatures::keySigsC[] = {
{ "g# min (af min)", 5, true },
{ "g min", -2, true },
{ "f# min", 3, true },
{ "f min", -4, true },
{ "e min", 1, true },
{ "ef min (d# min)", -6, true },
{ "d# min (ef min)", 6, true },
{ "d min", -1, true },
{ "c# min (df min (unused))", 4, true },
{ "c min", -3, true },
{ "b min", 2, true },
{ "bf min (a# min)", -5, true },
{ "a# min (bf min)", 7, true },
{ "a min", 0, true },
{ "af min (g# min)", -7, true },
{ "Af Maj", -4, false },
{ "A Maj", 3, false },
{ "Bf Maj", -2, false },
{ "B Maj (Cf Maj)", 5, false },
{ "Cf Maj (B Maj)", -7, false },
{ "C Maj", 0, false },
{ "C# Maj (Df Maj)", 7, false },
{ "Df Maj (C# Maj)", -5, false },
{ "D Maj", 2, false },
{ "Ef Maj", -3, false },
{ "E Maj", 4, false },
{ "F Maj", -1, false },
{ "F# Maj (Gf Maj)", 6, false },
{ "Gf Maj (F# Maj)", -6, false },
{ "G Maj", 1, false }
};
modified 9-Jul-20 14:24pm.
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Maybe it's just a typo, but you have two of the major keys transposed (bad choice of words maybe in this context!)
Line 2 SHARPS should be "GDAEBFC"
However, there are bigger problems!
This code will return mostly wrong answers. If we look at the sharps only, your code (assume it's major) would return:
C, G# major, D# major, A# major ...
which is incorrect.
The correct sequence (without all the "majors" shown) would be: C G D A E B F# C#
And a sort of reverse applies situation applies to the flats. (C), F, Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb, Cb
Hope that helped!
modified 10-Jul-20 3:54am.
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Hi, I'm not sure what language the pretty generic C-style code is in but I guess it's not Javascript as ToString is Pascal case.
Anyway, this JS library is brilliant for accessing musical theory in code.
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it's C#.. oooh and thank you. I'll take a look
Real programmers use butterflies
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SHARPS string is wrong. Should be GDAEBFC.
Otherwise looks good
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The closest I've came was writing a few measures of "music" containing abominations like 4096th notes, and notes with a half dozen dots in a highschool class to spite a teacher I disliked.
(It was trivial - if a bit tedious - to create iteratively by splitting notes in half and inserting the new one randomly, far harder for the teacher to actually add up to make sure it actually had the correct total.  )
Did you ever see history portrayed as an old man with a wise brow and pulseless heart, weighing all things in the balance of reason?
Is not rather the genius of history like an eternal, imploring maiden, full of fire, with a burning heart and flaming soul, humanly warm and humanly beautiful?
--Zachris Topelius
Training a telescope on one’s own belly button will only reveal lint. You like that? You go right on staring at it. I prefer looking at galaxies.
-- Sarah Hoyt
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Not sure if this was already mentioned in one of the other responses, but you have E and A in the wrong order for the sharp key signatures. A has 3 and E has 4.
I learned the sequence of sharps (aka circle of fifths) back in piano classes many years ago as "Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle". Conveniently, you can reverse the phrase to get the order of flats (ie circle of fourths) and it still makes sense.
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It's not right: major and minor keys have different numbers of sharps or flats. For example, while B major has 5 sharps: C#, D#, F#, G#, A#, B minor has a D natural, and then, if it's a harmonic minor, a G natural; if it's a melodic minor, a G# and A# for an ascending scale, whereas both those are natural for a descending scale. Minor keys are tricky: there's no fixed answer. More here:
musictheory.net[^]
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To simplify that - there are 12 keys in the chromatic scale, so just put an integer from 0...11.
Then you don't have any regional differences.
And if you want major / minor, then add a Boolean.
Should suffice for the most common "Western" music.
PS
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no, this is not even close.
Real programmers use butterflies
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Think it would be a good guess to look at music notation programs like MuseScore
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Note that no flats or sharps is C major (or A minor), but that C minor is three flats (same as E flat).
( scode == 0 ) && (IsMinor) should be A minor, not C minor
I have always enjoyed this presentation of the "circle of fifths": Tolkien Circle of Fifths : lotr[^]
Letter names outside the circle are the major keys.
Lower case letters on the inside of the circle are the minor keys.
This more colorful presentation includes all the sharp & flat keys.
[^]
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They've been bugging me for a few months.
I tried some insecticides, but they just keep on coming, although it's gotten less.
So I was wondering how these ants didn't get infected with COVID-19, as it's possible for the virus to infect animals.
Turns out they have tiny anty-bodies.
Ba dum tsss! I'll get my coat.
Half of the story is actually true though.
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