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About the only place I use them is for function prototypes for lambdas.
With intellisense and auto, my typing doesn't increase much and seeing the full type makes the code more clear for me.
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Without typedefs (or using[^]) code could be a mess.
Anyway nothing prevents messy code to take advantage of typedef to further mess up.
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typedef is essential in metaprogramming, i. e. when you implement template classes that are supposed to fulfil certain criteria. This allows generic algorithms to specify certain dependant types in their implementation. (most notably, but not only, return types)
Other than that, typedefs and using-declarations[^] can be used to imrpove readability. But these mechanisms should not be overused: I prefer to be able to read where a symbol is coming from rather than a name that may be a local symbol or not.
That said, modern, language-sensitve text editors can show you what's behind a name very easily, maybe even in a tooltip. (and if yours doesn't, go look for a plugin that does)
GOTOs are a bit like wire coat hangers: they tend to breed in the darkness, such that where there once were few, eventually there are many, and the program's architecture collapses beneath them. (Fran Poretto)
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I don't understand why you would need to look up a typedef constantly, if you want one you just declare it what does it matter what it is ... that is sort of the point to hide the base type and give a little more safety.
Explain a situation where you are saying you need to look at what the type is and I am suggesting you are probably doing something wrong. You can size any type without knowing what it is by the sizeof function that is the usual error people make when they think they need to know what a typedef base type actually is.
I don't care if you have thousands of types they make things easier not harder, so there is something going on with why you think otherwise.
In vino veritas
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I used to place all my #include directives in the header files, for two reasons:
1) When using C++ I have classes to derive to and from, therefore my derived class must "know" its ancestors;
2) I like to use the header files as indexes of the source files: the information about which dependencies has a module is more useful in the header file, as I don't even have to look at the source code unless there are troubles.
I don't mix and match, so I always put all my #includes in the header file.
Now I'm using plain C for a project and I had to include a bulky header (<windows.h> in this instance) to access an API needed only inside that .c file (the rest of the code doesn't use windows APIs).
This made me doubt about the soundness of the choice of putting all #include directives in the header file: having the inclusions constrained in their own compilation units would speed up compilation time and create more separation between modules; on the other hand complex structures often include dozens of headers and the lower levels would benefit from the inclusions already managed by its dependancies.
What do you think about this issue? How do you normally operate?
GCS d--(d+) s-/++ a C++++ U+++ P- L+@ E-- W++ N+ o+ K- w+++ O? M-- V? PS+ PE- Y+ PGP t+ 5? X R+++ tv-- b+(+++) DI+++ D++ G e++ h--- r+++ y+++* Weapons extension: ma- k++ F+2 X
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If a header file depends for its compilation on another header file, the second header file is included in the first.
#include "header2.h"
If a source file depends for its compilation on a header file, that header file is included in the source file.
#include "header1.h"
In your case, <windows.h> is needed only in the source file, so it is included only there. Note that this also helps porting - the header file (which is O/S-independent) does not need changing, but the source file (which is O/S-dependent) does.
I admit that my method could cause a file to be included multiple times. This is not as big a problem as it used to be:
- Modern compilers often cache header files
- SSDs are much faster than HDDs
Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follows.
-- 6079 Smith W.
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Daniel Pfeffer wrote: I admit that my method could cause a file to be included multiple times.
Not a big problem because widely used headers should be put into precompiled headers if compilation time is important.
Thank for sharing your modus operandi.
GCS d--(d+) s-/++ a C++++ U+++ P- L+@ E-- W++ N+ o+ K- w+++ O? M-- V? PS+ PE- Y+ PGP t+ 5? X R+++ tv-- b+(+++) DI+++ D++ G e++ h--- r+++ y+++* Weapons extension: ma- k++ F+2 X
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I try to avoid this now as I have run into situations when I get compile errors due to circular references in which one include is depending on another include file. These errors can be hard to find especially with a large project. This is not so much an issue with MFC includes as it is with my own project includes. So I put the includes in the .c or .cpp file.
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speedbump99 wrote: circular references in which one include is depending on another include file. These errors can be hard to find especially with a large project.
Bumped into them, they are quite the PITA to debug. It took me a while to understand how to do things properly... My only excuse is that the project I've worked on for 7 years was a horrible misture of global variables, global functions and poorly designed (damned self-taught programmers) C++ classes.
GCS d--(d+) s-/++ a C++++ U+++ P- L+@ E-- W++ N+ o+ K- w+++ O? M-- V? PS+ PE- Y+ PGP t+ 5? X R+++ tv-- b+(+++) DI+++ D++ G e++ h--- r+++ y+++* Weapons extension: ma- k++ F+2 X
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No Problem at all:
#ifndef HEADER_XY
#include 'HEADER_XY.H'
#endif
In HEADER_XY.H must - of course - written been
#define HEADER_XY
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I tend to (loosely) follow the guideline: if the file (header or source) doesn't need an header then it should not include it.
Speeding up compilation is more an issue with C++ than with C (passing from C++ to C is the real performance boost on compilation times, in my experience).
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That's what I thought... I've been doing it mostly wrong for 7 years  Thanks!
GCS d--(d+) s-/++ a C++++ U+++ P- L+@ E-- W++ N+ o+ K- w+++ O? M-- V? PS+ PE- Y+ PGP t+ 5? X R+++ tv-- b+(+++) DI+++ D++ G e++ h--- r+++ y+++* Weapons extension: ma- k++ F+2 X
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I never put includes into a header file if I can avoid it using forward declarations. Any source code file including that header then can decide for itself whether it needs (and must include) the full declaration.
There's no benefit to put includes into headers other than saving a little typing in your source files that may need some more include statements than usual. (and you could actually reduce or avoid that if you just put commonly used headers in your .PCH file instead)
But there's a high risk in doing so: macros breaking other source files (e. g. the min and max macros #defined when including windows.h breaking STL code); the global name space cluttered with thousands of symbols that may conflict with local names; and compilers silently resolving a function call to something different than you expect because of such conflicts.
There are several benefits to avoiding includes in headers, such as reducing response times of any tool or functionality that requires parsing your code (including your language-sensitve text editor and compiler), and avoiding unnecessary clutter in your global namespace. It's also informative to see what the declarations inside of a header (or source) file really depend on.
GOTOs are a bit like wire coat hangers: they tend to breed in the darkness, such that where there once were few, eventually there are many, and the program's architecture collapses beneath them. (Fran Poretto)
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I am going to disagree with almost all above in C the standard industry practice is the only time a header is declared in the header file is if an actual interface call requires a type in the header. There simply is no other valid reason you should ever do it because of caching blah blah blah others mentioned.
The basic premise is why would you want a dependency on the interface at compile time if the interface doesn't need to know the dependency. The header is there as clean interface segmentation layer not somewhere for you to play around with speed ups and your own personal playground.
Internally in the C file if your C code requires the header declare it in the .c file again because it is required!!!!!!
Basic rule you never include anything in any file that is not absolutely required .... that is the end of the story.
I am anal and actually record why I am including the unit with a comment... so this is a typical example
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <string.h>
So on your example I would never declare windows.h in my unit header unless I had a function in the C file that needed the interface to pass a windows type again I would comment why the header is included and as an example
#include <windows.h>
void MyUnitFunction (HWND window);
If I had the situation no public interface needed internal windows types (they were just using normal c types etc) the #include <windows.h> would only ever be in the .C file and not the header file as I don't need to tell the interface.
So for me no includes don't always go in the header files or in the C files they go where they are absolutely required !!!!!!!
You should find that alone will stop lots of stupid circular problems you would get otherwise. If you have two units that go circular and you really can't organize them better then as already mentioned above in one unit forward declare the other units interface functions. Generally you choose the one with the least functions to forward.
In vino veritas
modified 30-Jan-19 9:35am.
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How i check word in row and column in 2D word search Game in c++?
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It depends. If you know in advance what is the word, then the program would simply scan rows and columns of the matrix of letters, searching for the word.
On the other hand, if you don't know in adavance the word, then you have to use a dictionary (and possibly invent an algorithm smarter than the brute force).
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i wanna ask, what is the best of windows programming for C++ now? is it still using win API or is there any better one than Win API?
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It's always up to you and the kind of the task you are going to solve.
For a usual GUI application I always choose the MFC. It saves me a lot of time comparing wit the plain Win32 API.
However there is a lot of tasks that are not covered by MFC. So I just write some plain Win32 code or sometimes just simple C-runtime one.
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For quick utilities, MFC is still a good way to go. For a large application, check out Qt.
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WIN32 API any framework including MFC just adds another layer of abstraction and the issue that the frameworks itself often becomes incompatible with newer windows versions. There is already a growing list of bugs with MFC and Windows 10.
Conceptually if you want a C++ objectification of the Win32 API then an old framework called Win32++ is still around it does nothing other than take the standard Win32 API into objects it doesn't mess around with the message system like MFC and is completely opensource. It also doesn't have the problems with .NET integration that MFC has.
C++ Win32 Framework for Beginners[^]
Last revision 8.6 was done nov 2018
Win32++ download | SourceForge.net[^][^]
Win32++ - Browse /Win32++/Version 8.6.0 at SourceForge.net[^]
Probably worth adding that if you are interested in the cutting edge windows area of WSL (Windows subsystem running linux) you can throw a X server on a Windows 10 64 bit box and start working out how to encapsulate linux GUI. You can guess where MS is going with this (MS hasn't announced any frameworks but some public test ones have appeared GitHub - kpocza/LoWe: Linux on Windows extender[^]) 
One company has already hit the WSL space hard
https://www.whitewaterfoundry.com/[^]
In vino veritas
modified 29-Jan-19 1:00am.
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Hi folks,
I am relatively new to c++. Currently I am trying my best to create a MS Word document out of my c++ program. I found a few tutorials on Word automation which gave me good initial results (like opening a document, writing plain text, saving documents etc).
However, my goal is to insert more complex things like a table of content, headlines, footers and so on and I couldn't find any usable information about that.
Therefor I have 2 questions:
1. Is office automation really the best way to achieve such a goal? (the official Microsoft support page seems a little outdated on that topic).
2. Most articles I found are about MS Excel. Unfortunately, I need to work with MS Word. Can somebody point me towards a comprehensive c++ -> MS Word article?
Thanks for your time & help 
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Thank you! Those were the tutorials I used so far. They recommend to use the macro codes in MS Word to find the desired functions. However, I have trouble converting the macro code in c++.
For example: To create a headline, the makro shows this code:
Sub Makro()
Selection.Style = ActiveDocument.Styles("Überschrift 1")
End Sub
("Überschrift 1" means "Headline 1").
Any ideas?
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I'm not sure I understand what you're aiming to accomplish.
If you want to write a C++ program that constructs a Word program, the first response might besomewhat helpful.
If you want to produce a Word dcument that contains your program code with some added formatting a table of contents, and maybe some useful internal links, you might want to take a look at Doxygen: Main Page[^]
GOTOs are a bit like wire coat hangers: they tend to breed in the darkness, such that where there once were few, eventually there are many, and the program's architecture collapses beneath them. (Fran Poretto)
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