Do not include parameters between strings. Include the % op within the param.
Me.SqlDataAdapter1.SelectCommand.CommandText = "SELECT * FROM Table_1 WHERE surname LIKE @sur"
Me.SqlDataAdapter1.SelectCommand.Parameters(0).Value = "%" & TextBox1.Text & "%"
--Edit--
If an error occurs, you may not have added the parameter. Try adding the parameter
Me.SqlDataAdapter1.SelectCommand.Parameters.AddWithValue("@sur", TextBox1.Text)