One of the way to provide meta-data for XML is DOCTYPE:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCTYPE[
^],
http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/syntax.html#the-doctype[
^].
It allows to describe, with some limitation, the data schema of the XML. And the XML document may or may not conform to it. The DOCTYPE schema can be provided as XML entity (or embedded in XML document) or not (especially if this is one of the standard ones); it can be just referenced or even assumed (by software). Anyway, non-conformity can be detected by some XML-processing software; that's all.
[EDIT]
By the way, the dominating trend is to avoid using DOCTYPE and use
XML schema instead of it. Please see:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Schema_%28W3C%29[
^], see also the external references.
—SA