C / C++ / MFC

<br />
ULONG_MAX,<br />
LONG_MAX, LONG_MIN...<br />

int x = 5;  // initializes a variable int to value 5.
int* px = &x; // initializes a "pointer to int" pointing to the physical address of 5.
int** ppx = &px; // initializes a pointer to the pointer px with the address of px.

// now to get the value 5, you need to "de-reference" the pointers.
int x_val_raw = x;
int x_val_from_px = *px;
int x_val_from_ppx = **ppx;

// now all those terms should equal 5.

int* px = &x; // initializes a "pointer to int" with the physical address of x.
-------   --
 |        |
 |        |- read "Address of x"
 |
 |- read "a variable 'px' of type 'pointer to int'"

func(CString* pszString, CString& szAnotherString)
{
  pszString->Format("A String");
  szAnotherString.Format("Some String);
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
	int x = 5;
	printf("\nThe value x initially has the value %d", x);
	unsigned long physical_address_of_x = reinterpret_cast<unsigned long>(&x);
	int& reference_to_x = x;
	int* pointer_to_x = reinterpret_cast<int*>(physical_address_of_x);
	// change the "reference to x" and watch what happens to x.
	printf("\n\nWe are now setting reference_to_x = 12\n");
	reference_to_x = 12;
	printf("\nThe value x is located at 0x%X and now has the value %d.", physical_address_of_x, x);
	printf("\nThe reference to x is located at 0x%X and has the value %d.", &reference_to_x, reference_to_x);
	printf("\nThe pointer to x is located at 0x%X and points to location 0x%X.", &pointer_to_x, pointer_to_x);
	printf("\nThe pointer to x, when de-referenced yeilds the value %d\n\n", *pointer_to_x);

	return 0;
}