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Member 14968771 wrote: I do not need to backup my data, but I like to have a backup of my OS.
First question you have to ask yourself is why?
If you're keen to be able to get your system going again after a crash, it can be done. But literally every last thing you do not in userland will need a new backup if you so much as sneeze. If it's a new system, the backup is useless (for the most part). If it's the same system, this is exactly what disk mirroring with RAID was created for. No reason to reinvent the wheel.
That being said, tar was made for this sorta thing. Just don't go backing up /dev and /proc. You can backup /tmp, but it's pointless.
But, you'd be much better of just creating a post-install shell script to recover from a crash with maybe a /etc tarball.
Jeremy Falcon
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Installed a second NAS-class disk in my home server, replacing a motley assortment of consumer grade drives, one of which died recently. RAID resync is almost complete 
Another useful tip:
I set up a cron job to do a "dpkg -l" and a "snap list" to a user-space file, which is then included in my daily user backups.
So if I need to rebuild or replace a machine, I don't have to remember all the packages I've downloaded over time.
A quick file comparison tells me what I missed. (Meld is my weapon of choice, btw.)
As well as user space all over, I also back up /etc and /var from the server.
Software rusts. Simon Stephenson, ca 1994. So does this signature. me, 2012
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Message Closed
modified 15-May-23 19:06pm.
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Reboot in single user mode. Get your files backed up. If that doesn't work, take the drive out of the system and get the files off it from a new system.
If it's corrupt, that sucks. Take it data recovery if you don't have backups.
Check fdisk, check fstab, or reinstall. Try not to bork your system again.
Jeremy Falcon
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Hi,
I would like to ask the user to enter a command that will be executed, but I don't understand why I can't assign two commands to the same variable.
Here is the code:
user@localhost:~# read -ep "command: " cmd ; "$cmd"
And result:
command: id ; date
-bash: id ; date : command not found
but if I type a single command, it works.
Thanks for your help
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When the user types in id; date, that's the value of the $cmd variable. So when you want to execute the command, its as if you had typed "id; date" at the command line, including the quote marks. So the bash interpreter is looking for a command named id; date. Its not treating this as "subscript" to be parsed and executed. For that you'll need to use eval
[k5054@localhost ~]$ cmd="id; date"
[k5054@localhost ~]$ $cmd
-bash: id;: command not found
[k5054@localhost ~]$ eval $cmd
uid=1002(k5054) gid=1002(k5054) groups=1002(k5054)
Mon 17 Oct 2022 02:37:19 PM UTC
[k5054@localhost ~]$
Keep Calm and Carry On
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I spent an hour earlier trying to figure out a way to do this. I need get my Unix books out of storage.
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Message Closed
modified 15-May-23 19:06pm.
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I am developing a website that uses javascript, php and jQuery.
One of the screens executes a php that connects to the IP of another PC that
is on the same network as the PC with the web server.
However, this PHP fails because it doesn't have access to the other PC.
Both PCs have Debian 11 installed.
Seeing that in any of them to ping the other, it is necessary to do it with sudo, I thought that the problem may be in that it is necessary to add the web user (www-data) to the netdev group, like so I have executed the command:
$ sudo adduser www-data netdev
Adding user `www-data' to group `netdev' ...
Adding user www-data to group netdev
Done.
But the php is still unable to access the other PC.
Should I configure something else?
Any comment or suggestion is welcome.
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Check the firewall settings on the destination PC. You may be blocking the port on the destination for incoming connections. There's an article that may help here: IBM Documentation
Member 15796760 wrote: Seeing that in any of them to ping the other, it is necessary to do it with sudo
I'm not sure exactly what that means. You should be able to ping a (reachable) host without needing sudo. For example, assuming that you have your resolver and gateways correctly configured you should be able to
ping 8.8.8.8
ping google.com
ping 192.168.100.100
etc
Keep Calm and Carry On
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This is a php that runs on PC1 and calls another php on PC2, where the IP of PC1 and PC2 are known.
The call made by the php on PC1 is as follows:
$file_headers = @get_headers(http:
How can I know which port would need to be opened on PC2?
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Since you're using http then that would be port 80. If you've installed a web server on PC2, then you may already have port 80 open. You can check to make sure that the port is open using nc
nc -z -w 1 IpPC2 80; echo $? $? is the return value of the last command, so if it's 0 then the connection was successful. Anything other than 0, and the connection failed. Make sure you've got a web server running on PC2. You can do that using netstat
[k5054@localhost: ~$ sudo netstat -tlnp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1/init
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 623/sshd: /usr/sbin
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 659/cupsd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:5432 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 664/postgres
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1001/exim4
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1422/sshd: k5054@pt
tcp6 0 0 :::111 :::* LISTEN 1/init
tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 623/sshd: /usr/sbin
tcp6 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN 659/cupsd
tcp6 0 0 ::1:5432 :::* LISTEN 664/postgres
tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1001/exim4
tcp6 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN 1422/sshd: k5054@pt You want to look for something listening on port 80 - which I do not have running in the above screen grab
Keep Calm and Carry On
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Thank you very much.
With your instructions I have been able to verify that port 80 is open on PC2 and that Apache is listening on port 80.
$ sudo netstat -tlnp
Activate Internet connections (only servers)
. . .
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 967/apache2
. . .
Later I was able to find an error in a configuration file of PC1, which was the cause of the error.
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Message Closed
modified 15-May-23 19:06pm.
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You probably deleted the partition but didn't update your grub configs. As far as how to update Grub... I bet Google knows.
Jeremy Falcon
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Hi,
I am running Slackware current with a 5.18.7 kernel. The motherboard it was running on has been switched, and because I was presented with a grub-rescue prompt (only after the motherboard switch, worked perfect prior to this) I chose to reinstall. Now what is happening is the grub-rescue prompt it displayed on the screen for a second or 2 and then the normal grub menu shows up and boots properly. I can't figure out how to fix this for the main drive was formatted and partitioned during install. It has 2 partitions on it a 4GB swap and the remainder of the 2TB drive for /. The second drive is also a 2TB drive both same make and model and has 1 partition on it /home which was not formatted during install, so all the files and so forth remain intact after the user is re-added. I should mention I am using grub version 2.06. Any help on this would be greatly appreciated.
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Example:
$ ./0-current_working_directory
/root/alx-system_engineering-devops/0x00-shell_basics
$
Repo:
GitHub repository: alx-system_engineering-devops
Directory: 0x00-shell_basics
File: 0-current_working_directory
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You seem to have forgotten to ask a question.
"These people looked deep within my soul and assigned me a number based on the order in which I joined."
- Homer
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Message Closed
modified 15-May-23 19:06pm.
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Message Closed
modified 15-May-23 19:06pm.
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According to my reading of the documentation that should work, so I am afraid I have no more ideas.
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You may or may not have access to a GRUB environment block (of which you make no mention).
Quote: For safety reasons, this storage is only available when installed on a plain disk (no LVM or RAID), using a non-checksumming filesystem (no ZFS), and using BIOS or EFI functions (no ATA, USB or IEEE1275).
grub-mkconfig uses this facility to implement ‘GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT’ (see Simple configuration).
GNU GRUB Manual 2.06
"Before entering on an understanding, I have meditated for a long time, and have foreseen what might happen. It is not genius which reveals to me suddenly, secretly, what I have to say or to do in a circumstance unexpected by other people; it is reflection, it is meditation." - Napoleon I
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