ThreadGuard - C# Protect Your Variables from Race Conditions and Show Your Variables Thread Intentions

Introduction

This code is based on an idea recommended for C# feature - this could be done better at the C# and compiler level in some cases so voting might help get this in (GuardedBy feature) dotnet/csharplang#892.

You can find the code at https://github.com/DavesApps/ThreadGuard.

From the book Essential Software Development Career + Technical Guide

Multithreaded code is easy to get wrong. A couple of the main concerns are:

1. Race conditions due to unprotected variable access are easy to introduce/ hard to detect
2. Deadlocks due to lock ordering
3. Livelocks, lock contention, etc.

This code addresses some areas of problem #1. It does this by helping to make multithreading clear/defined about which synchronization objects are protecting which code elements more visible. Currently, when using locks, developers reading others' code need to infer what variables are to be protected and by which synchronization objects by looking at all of the variable accessed in a code block between acquiring and release of a lock. If we can make this more visible in code, it will be easier to tell what variables/objects should be protected and by which synchronization objects. Also this code has the ability to detect when unprotected access to variables/objects is attempted to catch when these problems happen.

Using the Code

Goals

• Make it easy to visualize protected and unprotected variable access
• Detect unprotected variable access

This isn't a new idea Java already has something similar.

It's easy to make your multithreaded variable decisions visible and protect your variables from access without the synchronization object being acquired.

Example of creating a Monitor (standard C# lock) and using it to protect a bool variable. You can protect as many variables as you want.

MonitorGuard _mgc = new MonitorGuard();
GuardedVar<bool> _tcv = new GuardedVar<bool>(_mgc); // this variable is guarded
                                                    // by the _mgc monitor/lock

Example of using the variable after acquiring the lock:

using (mgc.Acquire())
{
            _tcv.Value = true;           
}

If you use the guarded variable without acquiring the lock first, it will throw a configurable exception by default that is GuardFailureException.

With that code, it's easy to tell which of your variables need multithreading protection and it will throw an exception when used unprotected. These are very lightweight checks, so performance should not be impacted.

ThreadGuard also lets you encode your intentions for a lock free variable accessing via Volatile.Read and Volatile.Write methods. Normally, when you do this, in many cases, you can only have one thread writing to the variable and other threads can read. Sometimes, you only use variables like this to tell a thread to exit - typically the only safe usage is for example defaulting a bool to false like IsDone and setting to true (ideally from one thread- though other variants exist).

You can encode your intentions as follows:

GuardedVolatileVarBool _tgvvIsDone = new GuardedVolatileVarBool(true);
_tgvvIsDone.Value = false;

       Thread thread1 = new Thread(() =>
       {
           while (!_tgvvIsDone.Value)
           {  //do something here
           }
       });
       thread1.Start();
       //do something
       _tgvvIsDone.Value = true; Will cause thread to exit
       thread1.Join();

So with this example, it's easy to see variable _tgvvIsDone is protected and if it's used inappropriately like writing to the value from multiple threads, it will throw an exception. It is also best practice (in some cases required) to use volatile for variable access which it does in that class. It will even prevent changing the value to something different if you desire (only allowing one write to the value - i.e., one shot flag is often the safest way to use).

Summary

So in the above code, you can:

• Make your intentions clear about the protected variables
• It's clear which synchronization objects are protecting which variables
• Detect improper access of variables without proper synch object acquisition
• Clarify the intentions of volatile variable access and ensure use in a safer way

So please vote for the idea to build this into C# (dotnet/csharplang#892) if you like it (as in the compiler could use keywords instead of needing these classes. It may also be able to detect some improper use at compile time for some cases), and in the meantime, consider using something like this or these ideas to make your multithreaded code safer.

History

• 15^th April, 2023: Initial version